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Prerequisites
Vowel harmony-lar
I-type vowel harmony
E-type vowel harmony
Exceptions
The “profession suffix”: talking about a person’s job
The -cı/ci/cu/cü/çı/çi/çu/çü word ending has a few possible meanings, but most often it shows what a person’s profession is.
For example, in the word “kapıcı,” the suffix -cı is added to “kapı,” which means “door” in Turkish, to create a new noun that means “doorkeeper” or “janitor.”
Similarly, in the word “simitçi,” the suffix -çi is added to “simit” (a popular type of Turkish bread) to create a new noun that means “simit seller” or “simit maker.”
Grammar form
- (Noun that ends with ç, k, p, s, ş or t) + ç + ı/i/u/ü
- (Other nouns) + c + ı/i/u/ü
There are 8 different forms of the -cı ending. To figure out which form goes on a certain word, you first need to check to see if the word ends in a voiceless consonant. In simple terms, a voiceless consonant is a sound that is made in the mouth without any vibration in the vocal cords. This means that when you make the sound, your vocal cords do not vibrate, unlike when you make a voiced sound like “b” or “z”. In the Turkish language, the voiceless consonants are “ç”, “k”, “p”, “s”, “ş”, and “t.” If a word ends in one of these consonants, the first part of the profession ending will be “ç.” Otherwise, if it ends in any other consonant, or if it ends in a vowel, the profession ending will start with “c.”
After choosing between “ç” and “c,” you will choose one of the four i-type vowels (ı, i, u, or ü) based on i type vowel harmony.
Examples of professions with -cı endings
| Noun | Profession |
| Fırın (oven) | Fırıncı (baker) |
| Lokanta (restaurant) | Lokantacı (restaurant owner) |
| Balık (fish) | Balıkçı (fisherman) |
| Emlak (real estate) | Emlakçı (real estate agent) |
| Gazete (newspaper) | Gazeteci (journalist or newspaper seller) |
| Kuyum (an older term for jewelry) | Kuyumcu (jeweler) |
| Halı (carpet) | Halıcı (carpet seller) |
| Diş (tooth) | Dişçi (dentist) |
| Su (water) | Sucu (plumber) |
| Ecza (older term for medicine) | Eczacı (pharmacist) |
| Gözlük (glasses) | Gözlükçü (lens maker) |
| İş (work) | İşçi (worker) |
| Oyun (game) | Oyuncu (actor, player) |
| Futbol (football, soccer) | Futbolcu (football, soccer player) |
| Kale (castle, goal) | Kaleci (goalie) |
| Sanat (art) | Sanatçı (Artist) |
| Yatırım (investment) | Yatırımcı (investor) |
| Siyaset (politics) | Siyasetçi (politician) |
| Sav (allegation) | Savcı (prosecutor) |
| Çift (double, older term for yoke) | Çiftçi (farmer) |
| Temsil (representation) | Temsilci (representative) |
| Araştırma (research) | Araştırmacı (researcher) |
| İnşaat (construction) | İnşaatçı (construction worker) |
| Elektrik (electricity) | Elektrikçi (electrician) |
Exception: öğrenci (student)
While most of the time the -cı ending goes on nouns, there is one exception where the ending goes on a verb: öğrenci. In this word, -ci is added to the word “öğren,” which is the stem of the verb “öğrenmek” (to learn).
Exception: öğrenci (student)
| Noun | With -cı ending |
| Öğrenmek (to learn) | Öğrenci (student) |
Other uses of the -cı ending
The -cı ending has a variety of other meanings besides denoting a profession. The -cı ending is somewhat unpredictable, so you can not simply add the ending to any noun and expect it to mean what you think it will mean.
In most of these cases, the -cı ending is still for describing people, but it is describing something else about them besides their profession.
Words with -cı endings that have negative connotations
One of the common ways the -cı ending is used is in insults and other terms that reflect negatively on a person. Since this ending so often gets used disparagingly, some people prefer to avoid using terms with the -cı ending altogether because of the possibility of negative connotations with it.
| Noun | With -cı ending |
| İnat (stubbornness) | İnatçı (stubborn) |
| Uyku (sleep) | Uykucu (sleeper, sluggard) |
| Fırsat (opportunity) | Fırsatçı (opportunist) |
| Irk (race) | Irkçı (racist) |
| Yalan (lie) | Yalancı (liar) |
| Israr (insistence) | Israrcı (insistent) |
Using the -cı ending to show ideological leaning
Another common usage of the -cı ending is in labeling a person according to their political or ideological leanings.
| Noun | With -cı ending |
| Sağ (right) | Sağcı (conservative, right-wing) |
| Sol (left) | Solcu (leftist, left-wing) |
| Devrim (revolution) | Devrimci (revolutionary, leftist) |
| Milliyet (nationality) | Milliyetçi (nationalist) |
| Barış (peace) | Barışçı (pacifist, peaceful) |
| Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (the founder of Turkey) | Atatürkçü (Kemalist) |
Other examples of the -cı ending
There are many more words with -cı endinɡs that don’t fit into the category of professions, insults or ideologies. Here are some of the most common examples.
| Noun | With -cı ending |
| Yaban (wild) | Yabancı (foreigner) |
| Art (rear) | Artçı (rearguard, aftershock) |
| Ön (front) | Öncü (pioneer) |
| Yardım (help) | Yardımcı (helper) |
| Yol (path, way) | Yolcu (passenger) |
| Seyir (journey, viewing) | Seyirci (spectator) |
| Şikâyet (complaint) | Şikâyetçi (complainer, plaintiff) |
| Dava (court case) | Davacı (plaintiff) |
| Ziyaret (visit) | Ziyaretçi (visitor) |
| Av (hunting) | Avcı (hunter) |
| Rekabet (competition) | Rekabetçi (comptetitor) |
| Kira (rent) | Kiracı (renter) |
Ambiguity with “aracı”
There is one case in Turkish where two words are spelled and pronounced the same way but have different meanings: “aracı.” This can either be the word “ara” with the -cı ending or “araç” with the compound noun or third person possessive ending -ı.
Most of the time, it is easy for native speakers to understand the correct meaning from the context, but this can be extra difficult for beginner language learners.
Ambiguity with -cı and -ı
| Noun ending with c or ç | With -ı ending | Similar noun | With -cı ending |
| Araç (vehicle) | Aracı (his vehicle) | Ara (middle) | Aracı (mediator) |
Professions that don’t use the -cı ending
While many professions in Turkish use the -cı ending, there are many words for professions that don’t. Here are some of the most common words for professions that don’t use the -cı ending.
| Profession word without -cı | English |
| Avukat | Lawyer |
| Doktor | Doctor |
| Hemşire | Nurse |
| Mühendis | Engineer |
| Öğretmen | Teacher |
| Polis memuru | Police officer |
| Asker | Soldier |
| Ressam | Painter |
| Pilot | Pilot |
| Şoför | Driver (chauffeur) |
| Kasiyer | Cashier |
| Mimar | Architect |
| Psikolog | Psychologist |
This lesson was made with the assistance of ChatGPT, a language model powered by OpenAI.